Which activity is considered espionage?

Obtaining national defense information with the intent to harm the U.S. is recognized as espionage because it involves the deliberate act of gathering sensitive information that could endanger national security. Espionage typically entails not only the pursuit of information but also the intention behind the action—specifically, the intent to assist or benefit a foreign power, which poses a direct threat to the safety and interests of the United States. This clear malicious intent distinguishes espionage from other activities that may involve the handling of sensitive or classified information.

Other options present scenarios that do not meet the legal or practical threshold for espionage. Speaking confidentially among colleagues is generally a normal practice within organizations to discuss sensitive matters securely. Leaving documents in public places, although irresponsible, may not necessarily indicate espionage unless accompanied by malicious intent. Accidentally mixing classified documents with unclassified ones typically showcases a lapse in protocol rather than a deliberate attempt to harm national security. All of these lack the intentional and harmful motive that characterizes espionage.